Nervous and endocrine systems ( mammal )
Tagged: bird, mammalThe nervous system and the endocrine system are closely related to one another in their function, for both serve to coordinate activity. The endocrine glands of mammals generally have more complex regulatory functions than do those of lower vertebrates. This is particularly true of the pituitary gland, which supplies hormones that regulate the reproductive cycle. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) initiates the maturation of the ovarian follicle. Luteinizing hormone (LH) mediates the formation of the corpus luteum from the follicle following ovulation. Prolactin, also a product of the anterior pituitary, stimulates the secretion of milk. Control of the pituitary glands is partially by means of neurohumours from the hypothalamus, a part of the forebrain in contact with the pituitary gland by nervous and circulatory pathways. The hypothalamus is of the utmost importance in mammals, for it integrates stimuli from both internal and external environments, channeling signals to higher centres or into autonomic pathways. The cerebellum of vertebrates is at the anterior end of the hindbrain. Its function is to coordinate motor activities and to maintain posture. In most mammals the cerebellum is highly developed, and its surface may be convoluted to increase its area. The data with which the cerebellum works arrive from proprioceptors (self-sensors) in the muscles and from the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear, the latter giving information on position and movements of the head. In the vertebrate ancestors of mammals, the cerebral hemispheres were centres for the reception of olfactory stimuli. Vertebrate evolution has favoured an increasing importance of these lobes in the integration of stimuli. Their great development in mammals as centres of association is responsible for the creative behaviour of members of the class – i.e., the ability to learn, to adapt as individuals to short-term environmental change through appropriate responses on the basis of previous experience. In vertebrate evolution the gray matter of the cerebrum has moved from a primitive internal position in the hemispheres to a superficial position. The superficial gray matter is termed the pallium. The paleopallium of amphibians has become the olfactory lobes of the higher vertebrates; the dorsolateral surface, or archipallium, has become the mammalian hippocampus. The great neural advance of the mammals lies in the elaboration of the neopallium, which makes up the bulk of the cerebrum. The neopallium is an association centre, the dominant centre of neural function, and is involved in so-called intelligent response. By contrast, the highest centre in the avian brain is the corpus striatum, an evolutionary product of the basal nuclei of the amphibian brain. Therefore, the bulk of the complex behaviour of birds is instinctive. The surface of the neopallium tends in some mammals to be greatly expanded by convoluting, forming folds (gyri) between deep grooves (sulci).
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